A 1031 Exchange is a tax-deferred exchange that the IRS allows on investment property. A 1031 Exchange refers not to the actual exchange of two properties between two owners, but the process of selling one property and buying another. Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code governs these transactions; hence, the reference to 1031 Exchanges.
In a 1031 Exchange, the capital gains taxes on the relinquished property are deferred to a later date than they would normally be paid. A capital gain results when the selling price of an asset is higher than its original purchase price. Capital gains are subject to a minimum of 15% tax for individuals and 21% tax for corporations.
The primary advantage of a tax-deferred exchange is that the taxpayer may dispose of property without incurring any immediate tax liability. This allows a taxpayer to keep the earning power of deferred tax dollars while at the same time exchanging assets.
Rather than selling an investment property, paying the capital gains tax, and then using the net proceeds to buy another property, the 1031 Exchange rules allow an investor to forego paying the capital gains tax and use the total proceeds of the sale to invest in the new property, thereby deferring the capital gains tax until the new property is sold.
For example, John, who personally owns an investment property in New York City worth $10 million, wants to sell his property and buy a different one. Without the ability to use a 1031 tax deferred exchange, John would have to pay the government approximately $2.34 million in capital gains taxes, reducing the amount that he can reinvest in the replacement property to only $7.66 million. For simplicity, I have left out the treatment of closing costs on entry and exit of the investment. These costs can be deducted from the capital gain to get the true capital gains tax.
However, following Revenue procedure 2000-37 of the IRC, John acquires the replacement property and transfers the tax basis of the old property to the new property. He would be able to forego the $2.34 million tax and defer it until he sells the replacement property, usually many years later. Reinvesting pre-tax dollars in another property using a 1031 tax exchange has great value and most sophisticated property investors know this is one of the quickest ways to grow wealth.
The sheltered gain will be ultimately due upon the sale of the replacement property, although that is not always the case if the property is inherited, as investor’s heirs get a stepped-up basis on such inherited property. Upon the investor’s death, his or her heirs would receive the property at fair market value at the date of transfer to the heirs; not the basis transferred to the replacement property from the original purchase.
When the heir goes to sell the property, they will pay tax on the difference between the new selling price and the fair market value of the property at the time of inheritance.
In addition, another advantage of using a 1031 exchange is that, ultimately, the investment property can be converted to a primary residence, as long as this is done after 2 years of ownership under the safe harbor rules.
Note that for a 1031 to be effective, title to the replacement property must be held using the same tax identification number of the property that was sold.
1031 Exchange rules require that the two properties be “like-kind” property. The rules consider the exchange of residential investment property for residential investment property, commercial investment property for commercial investment property, residential investment property for commercial investment property and vice versa, to be like-kind.
The property, however, must be in the US, as an exchange of US property for foreign property is not considered “like-kind” under the rules.
The taxpayer should also consider that there are a couple of disadvantages to a tax-deferred exchange, as follows:
A 1031 Exchange requires a Qualified Intermediary, as defined by Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code, to handle the entire process.
All of the proceeds from the sale, including non-cash proceeds (such as a car that you might receive in trade in addition to the property), must go to the Qualified Intermediary to be used for the purchase of the new property. Anything received directly or indirectly by the seller (no matter how insignificant) will disqualify the entire transaction, resulting in the recognition of the entire gain (and in the case of a Foreign Buyer, resulting in FIRPTA withholding).
The 45-day timeline must be strictly followed, as it is not extendable in any way, even if the 45th day falls on a Saturday, Sunday or legal US holiday.
The Exchange Period ends at exactly 180 days after the date on which the person transfers the relinquished property or on the due date for the person’s tax return for that taxable year in which the transfer of the relinquished property has occurred, whichever is earlier. Again, the 180-day timeline must be strictly followed, as it is not extendable in any way, even if the 180th day falls on a Saturday, Sunday or legal US holiday.
Reverse exchanges are a tool that investors can use to defer capital gains tax even when the replacement property must close before the relinquished property closes.
The investor, however, can't take possession of the replacement property in a reverse 1031 exchange until the whole transaction is done. Generally, the replacement property must be held by an Exchange Accommodation Titleholder (similar in concept to the qualified intermediary requirement in a 1031 exchange) until the relinquished property is sold.
The timelines for a 1031 reverse exchange are the same as those for other types of 1031 exchanges: 45 days: Relinquished property must be identified within 45 days of the closing of the replacement property's purchase, with closing taking place within 180 days.
The US government makes it possible for a Foreign Seller to use the 1031 Exchange provisions. In addition to the normal rules noted above, FIRPTA imposes an additional requirement upon 1031 Exchange rules in order to avoid the 15% withholding. The additional requirement is that the individual responsible for transferring the old property from the Foreign Seller to the buyer/transferee (such as a title or escrow company) must receive from the Foreign Seller either:
First, any foreign property owner should plan ahead to obtain an ITIN far in advance of transferring any real estate, and to apply for a withholding certificate as soon as any property transfer has been arranged.
Second, it is critical that any Foreign Seller wishing to complete a 1031 Exchange consults with a knowledgeable, professional, qualified intermediary early in the sale process, and as well procures tax or financial counsel from experienced advisors, to assist them with the closing and US tax filing process. If you would like references for a Qualified Intermediary, please let us know.
The property is owned by a foreign individual for tax purposes, which would make this exchange fall under FIRPTA. Under FIRPTA, if a property is purchased from a non-resident alien, the US buyer must withhold 15% of the value of the property in the transaction to send to the IRS. However, if certain conditions are met, no withholding is required.
If the transferor provides a written notice to the transferee stating that the transfer is not subject to recognition of gain or loss under a nonrecognition provision of the IRC, and the transferee provides the written notice to the IRS within 20 days of the transfer, the transferee is not required to withhold.
In addition to the steps listed above, Section 1445-2(d)(2)(iv) states that the above withholding exclusion is only available to participants of a section 1031 transaction, if the transaction is done simultaneously, i.e., both transfers under the section 1031 exchange take effect on the same day.
The FIRPTA withholding requirement is triggered if a foreign individual receives cash (or other property) as part of a transaction, and the value of the property surrendered by the foreign individual is greater than the value of the property received. This could happen, for example, if the property surrendered has no mortgage but the property received has a mortgage which is assumed.
In the event of meeting the special section 1031 limitations, i.e. the simultaneous requirement and the no-boot rule, the only way to prevent FIRPTA withholding is to obtain a withholding certificate from the IRS.
To summarize, the following steps are necessary, assuming the requirements of section 1031 are otherwise complied with:
Note: Legal counsel should be consulted and provide legal advice to make sure these matters are accomplished at closing.
While the Federal Tax rules still apply, allowing the deferral of capital gains as noted above, for a 1031 Exchange New York rules require those who are not New York residents to pay 7.7% state income tax on any gain realized from the sale. However, for a 1031 exchange nyc rules
For a 1031 Exchange Florida has no state income tax, so there is no state income tax on any gain realized from the sale.
In order to prevent the IRS from challenging whether a vacation rental property qualifies for a 1031 exchange, it must be rented out for at least 14 nights each year for a two-year period.
Your personal use of a vacation rental property must not exceed 14 nights per year or 10% of the number of days in a one-year period that the property is rented out. The time that you spend at the property to carry out repairs, annual maintenance, and so forth are not counted towards the 14-day limit.
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